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ELECTORAL AND EDUCATIONAL REFORM...
Electoral Reforms:
The process of electoral reforms focus mainly on broadening the core meaning of democracy, making it more citizen friendly, implementation of adult suffrage in letter as well as spirit.
Following are the Constitutional articles related to electoral reforms:
Article 324-329 deals with elections and electoral reforms
Article 324 deals with the Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission
Article 325 states that no person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
Article 326 deals with the Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
Article 327 provides power to the Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
Article 328 provides power of Legislature to a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
Article 329 provides to create a bar on court to make any interference by courts relating to electoral matters.
Aspects of Electoral Reforms:
The Electoral reforms contain the following aspects:
• Transparency about the background of the candidates
• Freeing the election processes from muscle and money power
• Prohibiting the nexus between business and politics
• Availing all the citizens, eligible to vote a comfortable, friendly and assured facilitation of vote casting
• Upholding the secrecy of voters
• Fair registration and recognition of the political parties and without any kind of influence
• Solution of delisting of illiterate voters
• Non-partisan role of media
• Applying the model code of conduct efficiently
• Streamlining the preparation of electoral rolls
• Expediting the election processes
• Rationalising electoral processes
• Freeing the election processes from muscle and money power
• Prohibiting the nexus between business and politics
• Availing all the citizens, eligible to vote a comfortable, friendly and assured facilitation of vote casting
• Upholding the secrecy of voters
• Fair registration and recognition of the political parties and without any kind of influence
• Solution of delisting of illiterate voters
• Non-partisan role of media
• Applying the model code of conduct efficiently
• Streamlining the preparation of electoral rolls
• Expediting the election processes
• Rationalising electoral processes
Requirement of Electoral Reforms:
The need for electoral reforms has also been felt mainly due to shun the malicious people and malevolent activities they are involved into. Their requirement can further be elaborated as follows
• Election process should reflect the situation of the day and should not be imposed on contemporary society
• To prohibit the criminalisation of politics
• To stop the misuse of government machineries.
• To discourage money and muscle power to contribute in election processes
• To dismay non-serious candidates to contest in election
• Election processes should be neutral, free from any biasness for any political parties
• To enhance the trust in the eyes of citizens towards electoral processes
• To employ the use of technology to further the election processes and be in synch with modern days methods.
• To prohibit the criminalisation of politics
• To stop the misuse of government machineries.
• To discourage money and muscle power to contribute in election processes
• To dismay non-serious candidates to contest in election
• Election processes should be neutral, free from any biasness for any political parties
• To enhance the trust in the eyes of citizens towards electoral processes
• To employ the use of technology to further the election processes and be in synch with modern days methods.
India has created one of the largest education systems in existence today. However, despite the extraordinary developments in the last decades, further reforms are necessary. The Indian government, recognizing the true importance of education in the 21st century, has made a firm commitment to creating a knowledge-based society through legislation.
Globalization brings numerous opportunities for India, which the South-Asian country could turn to its advantage due to its demographic and economic potential. More than half of India’s population is of working age, and according to forecasts, by 2020 one quarter of the world’s labor force will be made up by Indians. Job creation is of central importance to the government, for its success can become the engine of economic development at later stages. In the Age of Information society, however, there is only demand for a well-educated, professional workforce, therefore education is of paramount importance. The education system of the subcontinent’s largest country attempts to adjust to the challenges, but there is no doubt about the need for reform. In the past years, India’s governments have consciously striven to correct the errors of the old system, to adopt new developments, and to build a knowledge-based society that privileges creativity and innovation.
WHERE REFORMS ARE NEEDED?
Despite the last decades’ tremendous development several problems are present in Indian education system, the handling of which is a matter of urgency. On the elementary level, primarily rural schools struggle with serious infrastructural shortcomings. The teacher per student ratio is far too low; as the teachers are unqualified, the quality of education delivered is not satisfactory.
With regards to high schools, in the recent past the system has primarily been criticized due to outdated teaching materials. According to the critics, the materials did not develop problem resolution skills and did not prepare students according to the expectations of today’s labor force market, but rather encouraged students to memorize outdated knowledge. In higher education, there were also issues related to quality, and as several institutions are operating without accreditation, there continue to be universities and colleges offering less valuable or even invalid degrees in the country.
The Indian government already recognized in the 1980s that moneys spent on education pays off in the future. Therefore, it planned to spend 6% of GDP on education. On the whole, however, by 1997-8 the government only succeeded in raising spending level to 3.6% of GDP from 1% in the 1950s. Up to 2014 there was hardly any change in this regard. Then, when Narendra Modi came to power the new government set 6% as target once again.
In the past, government reforms focused fundamentally on the development of elementary education, by expanding the number of pupils participating in education. By the 2010s, this changed fundamentally, and the emphasis now shifted to higher education reform. According to a survey, higher education students studying abroad between 2000 and 2009 increased by 256%, which makes the difference in quality between Indian and foreign institutions palpable. Moreover, as part of brain drain, only slightly more than 5% of them return, or seek employment in India. Reacting to the shortcomings described, in 2013 India’s president, Pranab Mukherjee named accessibility, affordability, and quality as the prime components of success in the course of education reform.
Manmohan Singh’s government drafted the 12th strategic plan, which, in addition to supporting engineering training and research, wished to emphasize infrastructural development, modifying teaching materials and distance education. It is not unimportant that under the tenure of Singh’s government technical training receive priority with the purpose that by 2022 India may have at its disposal a trained labor force numbering nearly 500 million.
The Modi government’s accession
Following the election victory of Narendra Modi and the Bharatiya Janata Party in May 2014, education reforms received a new momentum. Modi recognized correctly that state investments aiming to develop human capital simultaneously contribute to economic growth. Currently India has 7% economic growth, and it is counted among the world’s fastest developing economies. Unemployment however remains a serious issue. Owing to the demographic explosion, by 2024 nearly 120 million young people – the majority of whom are untrained
farmers – will appear on the labor market, while demand will largely only increase for the professionally trained labor force, in particular from foreign companies that arrive in ever greater numbers in the country.
In addition, the universities graduate about 2.5 million students annually, including 25,000 medics and 350,000 engineers. However, owing partly to the shortcomings of the educational system, nearly 5 million university graduates remain unemployed, while in certain sectors the lack of trained labor force has become permanent.
From the outset, the prime minister showed himself as a supporter of innovation, creativity and lifelong learning, and is also a steadfast supporter of Internet-related technological developments. Although in the area of reforms the state is counting on the support of other domestic and foreign actors, with regards to education it continues to insist on forceful centralization. In this spirit the government expanded the purview of the university fellowship committee and it strengthened its oversight function over higher education. We may consider as a great success that in 2014 India joined the Washington Convention as the 16th member state. Thus, students studying in Indian engineering training institutions accredited by the National Accreditation Council may further pursue their studies in the institutions of other member states without having to pass any further entrance exams. According to the intentions of the government and in relation to Modi’s program supporting foreign investment (Make in India), a bill on the legal status of foreign suppliers will enable renowned foreign universities to establish branches in India to further aid raising the prestige and quality of higher education.
From fall 2015 in the framework of the New Education Policy initiative and via the MyGov internet platform, citizens could also voice their opinions in relation to the educational reform, and thus aid in the creation of a new, high-quality, innovative government policy that corresponds to the challenges of the present.
Starting from the academic year 2015-6 the government introduced choice-based credit system in higher education. This means that students may decide themselves which subjects they complete, when, and in which particular order. Compulsory, basic and elective courses have made an appearance in the new system, thus education has become a great deal more individual than earlier.
Simultaneously evaluation has changed, as the earlier point-based system (1-10) yielded its place to a letter-based grading scale. Adjusting to the requirements of globalization, a semester-based training has been introduced instead of the traditional academic year, while – to make global comparisons easier – the ranking of Indian higher education institutions has begun. Increasing the number of nationally relevant engineering and leadership institutions is also meant to prove India’s global role.
Although the Modi government committed itself primarily to developing higher education, several measures passed to develop elementary education and high schools. Such innovations as Smartclass and Edu India must be mentioned, as they truly mean radical innovation for the students. The former is a multimedia, 3D technology based digital teaching material database, which aids teachers in teaching and examining, and students in learning. The latter is basically an educational YouTube channel that focuses on curricular materials.
In the course of public education reform, we may regard the Kerala state’s practice as exemplary. In Kerala state the literacy rate is about 90%, by far the highest in the country, and girls’ education enjoys priority. Thanks to the modern curriculum, students command a truly usable set of skills. From the outset, the government spent enormous sums on education, which in the end provided the foundation for economic growth. ”
The education system of the future
The series of education provisions in the 2016-7 draft budget provides an exact picture about the Modi government’s future plans with regards to education.
The government is planning to establish a new institution (Higher Education Financing Agency) to oversee the infrastructural developments in higher education. At the same time, owing to standardization of training, a new regulatory body’s establishment has also been on the agenda. In addition to supporting online courses, the next step of the government in the direction of digitalization is the creation of an online register for report cards and degrees.
Concerning state investments, as stated earlier, higher education continues to enjoy priority, but public education, particularly technical training, will also benefit, as the allocation of financial sources makes clear.
Whether the reforms live up to their promise cannot yet be seen. However, they certainly prove that India has recognized the challenges of the 21st century, the power of knowledge, information, and innovation, and accordingly radical reforms are taking place in the country. The successful creation of information society would carry great opportunities for India, while its failure could push the state towards not just an economic but a political crisis as well.
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